Dive into Deep Learning

Dive into Deep Learning

Interactive deep learning book with code, math, and discussions

Implemented with NumPy/MXNet, PyTorch, and TensorFlow

Adopted at 175 universities from 40 countries

Announcements

• [Jan 2021] Check out the brand-new Chapter: Attention Mechanisms. We have also completed PyTorch implementations. To keep track of the latest updates, please follow D2L's open-source project.
• [Oct 2020] We have added TensorFlow implementations up to Chapter 7 (Modern CNNs).
• [Apr 2020] We have revamped Chapter: NLP pretraining and Chapter: NLP applications, and added sections of BERT and natural language inference.
• [Jul 2019] The Chinese version is the No. 1 best seller of new books in "Computers and Internet" at the largest Chinese online bookstore.
• [May 2019] Slides, Jupyter notebooks, assignments, and videos of the Berkeley course can be found at the syllabus page.

Authors

Aston Zhang

Amazon Senior Scientist

Zack C. Lipton

Amazon Scientist
CMU Assistant Professor

Mu Li

Amazon Senior Principal Scientist

Alex J. Smola

Amazon VP/Distinguished Scientist

Vol.2 Chapter Authors

Brent Werness

Amazon Senior Scientist
Mathematics for Deep Learning

Rachel Hu

Amazon Scientist
Mathematics for Deep Learning

Shuai Zhang

ETH Zürich Postdoctoral Researcher
Recommender Systems

Yi Tay

Google Scientist
Recommender Systems

Framework Adaptation Authors

Anirudh Dagar

IIT Roorkee Student
PyTorch Adaptation

Yuan Tang

Ant Group Senior Engineer
TensorFlow Adaptation

We thank all the community contributors
for making this open source book better for everyone.

Contribute to the book.

Star Fork

Each section is an executable Jupyter notebook

You can modify the code and tune hyperparameters to get instant feedback to accumulate practical experiences in deep learning.

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Mathematics + Figures + Code

We offer an interactive learning experience with mathematics, figures, code, text, and discussions, where concepts and techniques are illustrated and implemented with experiments on real data sets.

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You can discuss and learn with thousands of peers in the community through the link provided in each section.

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Alexandria University
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Brown University
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Columbia University
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Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse
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BibTeX entry for citing the book

@book{zhang2020dive,
    title={Dive into Deep Learning},
    author={Aston Zhang and Zachary C. Lipton and Mu Li and Alexander J. Smola},
    note={\url{https://d2l.ai}},
    year={2020}
}

Table of contents

• Preface
• Installation
• Notation

• 1. Introduction
  • 1.1. A Motivating Example
  • 1.2. Key Components
  • 1.3. Kinds of Machine Learning Problems
  • 1.4. Roots
  • 1.5. The Road to Deep Learning
  • 1.6. Success Stories
  • 1.7. Characteristics
  • 1.8. Summary
  • 1.9. Exercises
• 2. Preliminaries
  • 2.1. Data Manipulation
  • 2.2. Data Preprocessing
  • 2.3. Linear Algebra
  • 2.4. Calculus
  • 2.5. Automatic Differentiation
  • 2.6. Probability
  • 2.7. Documentation
• 3. Linear Neural Networks
  • 3.1. Linear Regression
  • 3.2. Linear Regression Implementation from Scratch
  • 3.3. Concise Implementation of Linear Regression
  • 3.4. Softmax Regression
  • 3.5. The Image Classification Dataset
  • 3.6. Implementation of Softmax Regression from Scratch
  • 3.7. Concise Implementation of Softmax Regression
• 4. Multilayer Perceptrons
  • 4.1. Multilayer Perceptrons
  • 4.2. Implementation of Multilayer Perceptrons from Scratch
  • 4.3. Concise Implementation of Multilayer Perceptrons
  • 4.4. Model Selection, Underfitting, and Overfitting
  • 4.5. Weight Decay
  • 4.6. Dropout
  • 4.7. Forward Propagation, Backward Propagation, and Computational Graphs
  • 4.8. Numerical Stability and Initialization
  • 4.9. Environment and Distribution Shift
  • 4.10. Predicting House Prices on Kaggle
• 5. Deep Learning Computation
  • 5.1. Layers and Blocks
  • 5.2. Parameter Management
  • 5.3. Deferred Initialization
  • 5.4. Custom Layers
  • 5.5. File I/O
  • 5.6. GPUs
• 6. Convolutional Neural Networks
  • 6.1. From Fully-Connected Layers to Convolutions
  • 6.2. Convolutions for Images
  • 6.3. Padding and Stride
  • 6.4. Multiple Input and Multiple Output Channels
  • 6.5. Pooling
  • 6.6. Convolutional Neural Networks (LeNet)
• 7. Modern Convolutional Neural Networks
  • 7.1. Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (AlexNet)
  • 7.2. Networks Using Blocks (VGG)
  • 7.3. Network in Network (NiN)
  • 7.4. Networks with Parallel Concatenations (GoogLeNet)
  • 7.5. Batch Normalization
  • 7.6. Residual Networks (ResNet)
  • 7.7. Densely Connected Networks (DenseNet)
• 8. Recurrent Neural Networks
  • 8.1. Sequence Models
  • 8.2. Text Preprocessing
  • 8.3. Language Models and the Dataset
  • 8.4. Recurrent Neural Networks
  • 8.5. Implementation of Recurrent Neural Networks from Scratch
  • 8.6. Concise Implementation of Recurrent Neural Networks
  • 8.7. Backpropagation Through Time
• 9. Modern Recurrent Neural Networks
  • 9.1. Gated Recurrent Units (GRU)
  • 9.2. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
  • 9.3. Deep Recurrent Neural Networks
  • 9.4. Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks
  • 9.5. Machine Translation and the Dataset
  • 9.6. Encoder-Decoder Architecture
  • 9.7. Sequence to Sequence Learning
  • 9.8. Beam Search
• 10. Attention Mechanisms
  • 10.1. Attention Cues
  • 10.2. Attention Pooling: Nadaraya-Watson Kernel Regression
  • 10.3. Attention Scoring Functions
  • 10.4. Bahdanau Attention
  • 10.5. Multi-Head Attention
  • 10.6. Self-Attention and Positional Encoding
  • 10.7. Transformer
• 11. Optimization Algorithms
  • 11.1. Optimization and Deep Learning
  • 11.2. Convexity
  • 11.3. Gradient Descent
  • 11.4. Stochastic Gradient Descent
  • 11.5. Minibatch Stochastic Gradient Descent
  • 11.6. Momentum
  • 11.7. Adagrad
  • 11.8. RMSProp
  • 11.9. Adadelta
  • 11.10. Adam
  • 11.11. Learning Rate Scheduling
• 12. Computational Performance
  • 12.1. Compilers and Interpreters
  • 12.2. Asynchronous Computation
  • 12.3. Automatic Parallelism
  • 12.4. Hardware
  • 12.5. Training on Multiple GPUs
  • 12.6. Concise Implementation for Multiple GPUs
  • 12.7. Parameter Servers
• 13. Computer Vision
  • 13.1. Image Augmentation
  • 13.2. Fine-Tuning
  • 13.3. Object Detection and Bounding Boxes
  • 13.4. Anchor Boxes
  • 13.5. Multiscale Object Detection
  • 13.6. The Object Detection Dataset
  • 13.7. Single Shot Multibox Detection (SSD)
  • 13.8. Region-based CNNs (R-CNNs)
  • 13.9. Semantic Segmentation and the Dataset
  • 13.10. Transposed Convolution
  • 13.11. Fully Convolutional Networks (FCN)
  • 13.12. Neural Style Transfer
  • 13.13. Image Classification (CIFAR-10) on Kaggle
  • 13.14. Dog Breed Identification (ImageNet Dogs) on Kaggle
• 14. Natural Language Processing: Pretraining
  • 14.1. Word Embedding (word2vec)
  • 14.2. Approximate Training
  • 14.3. The Dataset for Pretraining Word Embedding
  • 14.4. Pretraining word2vec
  • 14.5. Word Embedding with Global Vectors (GloVe)
  • 14.6. Subword Embedding
  • 14.7. Finding Synonyms and Analogies
  • 14.8. Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT)
  • 14.9. The Dataset for Pretraining BERT
  • 14.10. Pretraining BERT
• 15. Natural Language Processing: Applications
  • 15.1. Sentiment Analysis and the Dataset
  • 15.2. Sentiment Analysis: Using Recurrent Neural Networks
  • 15.3. Sentiment Analysis: Using Convolutional Neural Networks
  • 15.4. Natural Language Inference and the Dataset
  • 15.5. Natural Language Inference: Using Attention
  • 15.6. Fine-Tuning BERT for Sequence-Level and Token-Level Applications
  • 15.7. Natural Language Inference: Fine-Tuning BERT
• 16. Recommender Systems
  • 16.1. Overview of Recommender Systems
  • 16.2. The MovieLens Dataset
  • 16.3. Matrix Factorization
  • 16.4. AutoRec: Rating Prediction with Autoencoders
  • 16.5. Personalized Ranking for Recommender Systems
  • 16.6. Neural Collaborative Filtering for Personalized Ranking
  • 16.7. Sequence-Aware Recommender Systems
  • 16.8. Feature-Rich Recommender Systems
  • 16.9. Factorization Machines
  • 16.10. Deep Factorization Machines
• 17. Generative Adversarial Networks
  • 17.1. Generative Adversarial Networks
  • 17.2. Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks
• 18. Appendix: Mathematics for Deep Learning
  • 18.1. Geometry and Linear Algebraic Operations
  • 18.2. Eigendecompositions
  • 18.3. Single Variable Calculus
  • 18.4. Multivariable Calculus
  • 18.5. Integral Calculus
  • 18.6. Random Variables
  • 18.7. Maximum Likelihood
  • 18.8. Distributions
  • 18.9. Naive Bayes
  • 18.10. Statistics
  • 18.11. Information Theory
• 19. Appendix: Tools for Deep Learning
  • 19.1. Using Jupyter
  • 19.2. Using Amazon SageMaker
  • 19.3. Using AWS EC2 Instances
  • 19.4. Using Google Colab
  • 19.5. Selecting Servers and GPUs
  • 19.6. Contributing to This Book
  • 19.7. d2l API Document

• References